MAPT and Alzheimer disease: Various types of spirochetes, including six periodontal pathogen spirochetes and Borrelia burgdorferi (MacDonald, 1986; MacDonald and Miranda, 1987; Miklossy, 1993; Riviere et al., 2002; Miklossy et al., 2004) and an obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae (Balin et al., 1998, 2008; Hammond et al., 2010) have been detected and isolated from Alzheimer brain tissue, yet few studies have examined the involvement of these pathogens in the production of AD-like tau/neurofibrillary pathology (Miklossy et al., 2006).