APP and Alzheimer disease: APP mice have increased levels of Aβ oligomers, age-dependent deposition of diffuse and fibrillar parenchymal plaques with variable degrees of vascular amyloid formation, deficits in brain metabolism and cognitive function similar to AD patients (Sturchler-Pierrat et al., 1997; Knobloch et al., 2007; Merlini et al., 2011; Kulic et al., 2012).