LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: To examine the associations of the identified loci with obesity-related andmetabolic traits, we performed look-ups in the data from relevant geneticconsortia (Supplementary Table 7).To study the associations of the leptin-associated loci with the expression ofnearby genes, we performed cis-expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL)analyses in several human tissues, including the subcutaneous(n=776) and omental fat (n=742), liver(n=567), lymphocytes (n=778), brain(n=193) and skin (n=667) (Supplementary Table 8).