TNF and neoplasm: The M1-polarized macrophages release cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-12, and have an anti-tumor effect; The M2-polarized macrophages express high levels of IL-10, Arg-1, CD206, VEGF, and EGF, which could promote the proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis of tumors4, 5, 29, 30.