GSTA4 and bacterial infectious disease: In contrast Gsta4 knockout mice exhibit a range of phenotypic alterations including, reduction of 4-HNE conjugating activity and higher baseline levels of 4-HNE [110,115], lower litter size, increased incidence of bacterial infections, greater susceptibility to the herbicide paraquat, higher fat content in bone marrow [110], mitochondrial defects [116] and extended lifespan [128].