MAPK3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Astragaloside II, another component from A. membranaceus (Huang-Qi), is effective in enhancing cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) in 5-Fu-resistant HCC cells accompanied by down-regulation of P-gp, phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK [137] (Figure 1, Table 2).