TNF and Alzheimer disease: In the AD + BVA group, the protein expression levels of the Th1 cytokines IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α decreased to 2.1 ± 0.17 (p < 0.01, AD group vs. AD + BVA group), 2.12 ± 0.13 (p < 0.05, AD group vs. AD + BVA group), 2.48 ± 0.21 (p < 0.001, AD group vs. AD + BVA group), and 5.04 ± 1.76 (p < 0.01, AD group vs. AD + BVA group), respectively, from 3.17 ± 0.12, 3.88 ± 0.1, 4.43 ± 0.27, and 19.0 ± 2.5 in the AD group.