INS and diabetes mellitus: The primary biomarkers for diagnosis in subjects at risk involve identification of Abs to islet cell antigens (ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GADA), tyrosine phosphatase-related insulinoma-associated 2 molecule (IA-2), and insulin (IAA), among which anti-(pro)insulin Abs appear at a younger mean age [2, 3] and are common in children progressing rapidly to overt diabetes [4].