CSF2 and cancer: Among the immune genes identified in our GSEA of ADCC-resistant IBC cells (Supplementary Figures 5 and 6), CSF2 induces myeloid-derived suppressor cell generation and subsequent immunosuppressive activities,43 and IFNγ induces PD-L1 expression in cancer cell lines, which can suppress the cytotoxicity of both NK cells and CTLs.44, 45, 46 Chemokine (CC) ligand 13 (CCL13) is a chemoattractant factor for monocytes and lymphocytes and downregulation could limit ADCC and T cell-mediated killing.