GSK3B and cholangiocarcinoma: Then, Lim [53,59], Song [125] and coworkers showed that DHA- and EPA-induced apoptosis in human cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinoma cells was caused by the inhibition of the β-catenin signaling pathway through two systems of β-catenin degradation, such as the activation (by dephosphorylation) of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and the induction of the formation of β-catenin/Axin/GSK-3β binding complex; similar results were obtained in vivo, in Fat-1 transgenic mice implanted with mouse pancreatic cancer (PANC02) cells [125].