Furthermore, recent study by Min et al. even documented the existence of both PPARγ-dependent and PPARγ-independent function of the PPARγ ligand MCC-555 in pancreatic cancer, where the induction effect of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and the pro-apoptotic protein NAG-1 by MCC-555 is independent of PPARγ signaling, but the suppression of cyclin D1 by MCC-555 is dependent on PPARγ signaling [69]. The gene discussed is GDF15; the disease is pancreatic neoplasm.