Interestingly, a recent experiment showed that transient kidney injury in lupus prone hosts could induce some inflammatory cytokine, such as colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), which in turn leads to macrophage-mediated tubulointerstitial, followed by a rise in autoantibodies and immune complex-mediated glomerular nephritis.31 Thus, it could be inferred that PTX3 related interstitial inflammation precedes and perhaps triggers glomerular disease in lupus nephritis, which needs further studies. Here, PTX3 is linked to glomerulonephritis.