CSF1 and lupus nephritis: Interestingly, a recent experiment showed that transient kidney injury in lupus prone hosts could induce some inflammatory cytokine, such as colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), which in turn leads to macrophage-mediated tubulointerstitial, followed by a rise in autoantibodies and immune complex-mediated glomerular nephritis.31 Thus, it could be inferred that PTX3 related interstitial inflammation precedes and perhaps triggers glomerular disease in lupus nephritis, which needs further studies.