Although ANP has been well characterized as a cardiac hormone and is utilized in clinical settings, CNP has yet to be applied clinically despite abundant evidence of its role as a regulator of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling (suggesting its use in treatment of cardiovascular disease) 40 and as a stimulator of endochondral bone growth (implying its potential value in patients with skeletal dysplasia) 41. Here, NPPA is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.