Thus, PAX4 blunts hyperglycaemia in an autoimmune context, in contrast to several other factors such as caspase-3-generated RAS p21 protein activator 1 (RasGAP) N-terminal fragment (fragment N), cytokine response modifier A (CRMA) or BCL-2 which, despite increasing BCM, could not prevent hyperglycaemia in animal models of type 1 diabetes [15, 22, 34]. Here, CRMA is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.