Immunohistochemistry and real time PCR revealed that rats with type 2 diabetes developed moderate renal inflammation, including many ED1+ macrophage infiltration and a significant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα) and macrophage chemotactic molecule-1 (MCP-1) at both mRNA and protein levels, which was attenuated by treatment with TSF (Fig 2). This evidence concerns the gene EDA and type 2 diabetes mellitus.