TNF and neoplasm: In a mouse model of CAC, macrophages were found to drive tumor progression through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which are well-known for their pro-proliferative effects on cancer cells via nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling [9–11].