Indeed, CAC mice treated with embelin showed dramatic reduction in the mRNA and protein levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), colony stimulating factor1 (CSF1) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) in colon relative to the untreated mice, and the difference was especially obvious at the carcinoma stage (Figure 2A and 2B). Here, CSF1 is linked to carcinoma.