TNF and cancer: In GBM cells, ICAM-1 expression has been shown to increase following stimulation with proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) [26, 29], indicating that ICAM-1 is one of the inflammatory mediators also in this type of cancer.