Additionally, RA treatment increases cytosolic calcium levels (Davis et al., 1991) and cell-cell adhesion of cultured NC cells (Smith-Thomas et al., 1987), and, in cancer cell lines, RA can activate E-cadherin expression and promote cadherin stabilization at cell membranes (Shah et al., 2002; Woo and Jang, 2012). The gene discussed is CDH1; the disease is cancer.