IRS1 and Alzheimer disease: The administration of ω-FAs prevented IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1) inactivation and pTau pathology by inhibition of the JNK signaling in in vitro (neuronal cultures from embryonic Sprague Dawley rats), in vivo models (3xTransgenic AD mice) and post-mortem human AD samples (Ma et al., 2009).