Surprising, after co-culture with the CAF.ERα(+)CM, the macrophages expressed less M2 macrophage markers, including IL-10, Fuzz1 and Ym1, but not arginase-1 (Additional file 5: Figure S5A), suggesting CAF.ERα(+) may be able to suppress M2-type macrophages in the PCa TME. Here, ARG1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.