The favourable lipid/lipoprotein profile of D25V-carriers is remarkable in the context of CKD and/or ESRD, pathological conditions predisposing to premature atherosclerosis and major ischaemic CVD events and commonly associated with an unfavourable lipid profile, an elevated plasma apoC-III concentration and dysfunctional HDL carrying increased amounts of apoCIII, serum amyloid A1 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (refs 29, 30, 31). This evidence concerns the gene APOC3 and atherosclerosis.