Lastly, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells, P. gingivalis promotes cellular migration through activation of the ERK1/2-Ets1, p38/HSP27, and PAR2/NF-κB pathways to induce pro-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression [25]. Here, ETS1 is linked to oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.