EPO and neoplasm: During trauma and wound healing or during cancer progression when the increase of tumor mass causes the angiogenic switch with the production of proangiogenic cytokines and factors (VEGF, basic FGF, PDGF, erythropoietin or EPO, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, or GCSF), BMEPCs, responding to stimuli, are mobilized from BM and they acquire typical characteristics of CECs and arrive at injury site and here they differentiate into mature ECs.