Kv1.5 (IKur) is also well known to be redox-sensitive, with both sulphenylation and nitrosylation reported.43,57 An increase in sulphenylation of Kv1.5 was identified in the RAA of patients with permanent AF.43 This modification was shown to cause a reduction in the surface expression of the channel by promoting internalization. This evidence concerns the gene KCNA5 and atrial fibrillation.