MAPK8 and triple-A syndrome: Previous studies have also shown that MMP9 is induced via activation of the JNK pathway in AAA models [13] and that TRAIL has non-apoptotic functions, such as activation of JNK and NF-kB signaling in HeLa and human embryonic kidney 293 cell lines [39,40], although no downstream target genes related to these non-apoptotic aspects have been identified.