DDIT3 and Alzheimer disease: BiP, PERK, IRE1, and eIF2α upregulated in AD patients (Hoozemans et al., 2005, 2009). Cleaved caspases and JNK upregulated in AD patients (Ghribi et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2010a).CHOP upregulated in AD animal models and cell models treated with β-amyloid, and in AD patients (Ghribi et al., 2004; Chafekar et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2010a).IPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes from AD patients accumulate Aβ oligomers (Kondo et al., 2013).