IL1A and infection: For example, Rasmussen et al. [10] demonstrated that once C. trachomatis has established infection within epithelial cells, the innate immune response allows for the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins 1, 6, 8 (Il-1, Il-6, Il-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF 2).