In addition to cognate interactions in which B cells may serve as efficient antigen-presenting cells (APC) to activate T cells that recognize the same antigen, abnormal B-cell secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-6, TNFα, LTα, and GM-CSF) has now been implicated in abnormal T-cell and myeloid-cell responses of MS patients and may involve “bystander activation” (i.e., not be predicated by cognate antigen-specific interactions). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is myeloid sarcoma.