KRAS and neoplasm: Nuclear factor-κB signaling is known to subvert the immune system within the tumor micro-environment.14 Moreover, enhanced signaling through this pathway due to EGFR and KRAS mutations has been shown to upregulate programmed death-ligand 1 contributing to tumor immune escape.15, 16, 17, 18 Indeed, both cluster 1 TCGA and cell line samples that had high levels of signaling through EGFR/MAPK pathways showed higher levels of programmed death-ligand 1 (Supplementary Figure S4).