A variety of cancer cell lines and primary tumour biopsy samples show elevated IAP expression levels, including AML,108 renal cell carcinoma110 but not in non-small-cell lung carcinoma111, 112 or cervical carcinoma.113 High expression of XIAP or cIAP2 is associated with shorter overall survival, and lower complete response rates for AML.108 XIAP has also been identified as part of the progression signature in ovarian carcinoma114 and prostate cancer.115. This evidence concerns the gene XIAP and cervical carcinoma.