In support of this paradigm are not only studies demonstrating that high viral replication and mucosal CD4+ T cell depletion that triggers this deleterious chain of events occur very early in the infection [44–47], but also the results of clinical studies (i.e., SMART/INSIGHT) showing that biomarkers of inflammation and microbial translocation are associated with increased risk of death [36,41]. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is infection.