TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: The inflammatory process seen in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is due to excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferons (IFNs), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), HMGB1 (high mobility group B1) and possibly, a reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-4, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).