Based on the published human trial data, the level of antigen-specific antibody which can be elicited by a vaccine in humans is expected to be somewhere between ~50 and several hundred μg/ml at the peak (i.e. 2–4 weeks after the final immunization), regardless of population immunized (malaria naive or immune, children or adults), antigen (e.g. AMA1, MSP1, RTS,S), adjuvant (e.g. AS01, AS02, CpG), or vaccine platform (e.g. recombinant protein, ChAd63/MVI) [26,68,70,102,105,123,150,158–160]. The gene discussed is ATAD1; the disease is malaria.