TNF and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: In analogy, Bar-Or and colleagues, using anti-IgG/IgM and co-culture with mouse fibroblasts transfected with CD40-ligand to mimic antigenic stimulation and T-cell help, showed that B cells from RRMS patients and healthy donors produce similar amounts of TNF-α and lymphotoxin, unless stimulated with either IFN-γ or pathogen-associated CpG-DNS as 3rd signal [5,23].