To investigate whether Tim‐3+PD‐1+ CD8+ T cells from aged mice exhibited similar exhausted functions compared to those from chronically infected or tumor‐bearing mice, in terms of cytokine producing abilities, the protein (Figs 6A,B, and S3) and mRNA (Fig. 6C) expression levels of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α were measured in these mice. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and neoplasm.