When timing of malaria episodes was grouped into <12 months ago, more than 12 months ago and never (Fig. 1b), P. falciparum and P. vivax MSP1 titers in site A were significantly higher in those with malaria within 12 months than for those not having malaria within the past year or never, p = 0.0117 and p = 0.0057, respectively (one-way ANOVA with Tukeys post-test). Here, ATAD1 is linked to malaria.