MAPK8 and carcinoma: Overexpression of c-Jun and c-Fos underlies the development of various carcinomas, including pulmonary malignancies [22, 40], and commonly occurs in concert with the activation or stabilization of c-Jun by JNK, ERK and RhoC in response to various extracellular stimuli, including cytokines, growth factors and adhesion molecules, respectively [24].