Ca2+/CaM antagonists possess anti-proliferative activity [61] as they inhibit tumor cell invasion in vitro [62] and metastasis in vivo.[63] We have recently shown that Ca2+/CaM antagonists inhibit its binding to FasDD, providing a molecular basis for their role in inducing Fas–mediated apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells.[10, 14, 18] CaM can also affect other pathways in liver tumor cholangiocarcinoma. Here, FAS is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.