Interestingly, protein expression of PAX1 and FOXF1 were also higher in NP than both AF and the CEP, shown here for the first time in native tissue; supported recently by Van den Akker et al., 2014, where human NP and AF cell populations were extracted from non-degenerate healthy IVDs and were shown to express PAX1 and FOXF1 more highly in extracted NP compared to AF cells [15]. This evidence concerns the gene FOXF1 and atrial fibrillation.