In a case-control study, limited to only 35 patients without SLE butwith clinical disorders such as thrombosis, repeated abortions andthrombocytopenia, a positive association was found between RP andaCls.21 In contrast,a study of 93 SLE patients failed to establish any associations with this groupof antibodies.19 We detectedthat aCl IgM was less common in patients with RP; other antiphospholipidantibodies did not show any association. The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.