Antenatal lung inflammation impacts a variety of signaling pathway regulators like toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4), growth factors like TGF-β and CTGF, and mesenchymal structural proteins like bone morphogenetic protein-4 leading to vascular remodeling and alveolar simplification, which could be considered akin to a mild BPD phenotype (40–43). Here, TLR2 is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.