DKK3 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: In contrast, deletion at the DKK3 locus was related with lower lymph node metastasis and better prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (40), indicating that DKK3 in this type of cancer is apparently not acting as a tumor suppressor but may more likely function as an immune modulator, as we have shown here and in previous studies (20–22).