Furthermore, in ALS microglial cells, upregulation of the RAGE/AGE molecules induces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS; Frakes et al., 2014) and recently these toxic species were shown to elicit specific motor neuron cell death in a non-cell-autonomous model of ALS via the c-Abl pathway (Rojas et al., 2015). The gene discussed is ABL1; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.