In addition, studies using mouse models of neurodegenerative disease such as diabetic peripheral neuropathy, AD and Parkinson’s disease have shown that pharmacological treatment or genetic blockade of RAGE attenuates diabetes-associated complications, plaque formation, or MPTP-induced toxicity of dopaminergic neurons, respectively (Bierhaus et al., 2004; Cho et al., 2009; Teismann et al., 2012). This evidence concerns the gene AGER and diabetes mellitus.