There was a 37.4% and 54.8% decline in the ratio of p-PI3K over PI3K, a 51.0% and 69.6% decrease in the ratio of p-p38 over p38, and a 1.9- and 1.9-fold increase in the ratio of p-AMPK over AMPK when treated with ALS at 1 and 5 μM, respectively (Figure 7A,B). Here, MAPK1 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.