MAPK1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: The p-AMPK/AMPK ratio was increased 1.3-, 1.3-, and 1.2-fold when HT29 cells were treated with ALS at 0.1, 1, and 5 μM, respectively, compared to control cells (Figure 7A,B); while the p-p38/p38 ratio was increased 1.6-, 3.1-, and 3.0-fold when HT29 cells were treated with ALS at 0.1, 1, and 5 μM, respectively, compared to control cells (p < 0.05 or 0.01; Figure 7A,B).