MAPK pathway inhibitors are supported by a recent study where BRAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, caused the appearance of ß-papillomavirus associated squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in up to 26% of treated melanoma patients, while the combination of vemurafenib with the MEK-inhibitor cobimetinib reduced the appearance of SCC to 5% [71]. This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and squamous cell carcinoma.