On the other hand, CD5+ B cells are associated with regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) through secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines or decreased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5.[8,9] Therefore, CD5+B cells may function as a double-edged sword in autoimmune and infectious diseases, though the discrepant findings thus far presented might be related to the timing of intervention with this B cell subset. This evidence concerns the gene CD5 and infectious disease.