On the other hand, CD5- conventional B cells have been shown to have a pro-inflammatory role in adaptive immune responses via the production of autoantibodies and activation of effecter T cells.[1,31] Those findings suggest that a sustained CD5- B cell-dominant mucosal condition caused by chronic colitis may potentially aggravate disease activity and be involved in the pathogenesis of refractory IBD. Here, CD5 is linked to Chronic colitis.