CTLA4 and melanoma: Since 2011, six agents have been approved for the treatment of advanced melanoma: ipilimumab, a CTLA-4 antibody; two BRAF inhibitors, vemurafenib and dabrafenib, a MEK inhibitor, trametinib, available for patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma, which occurs in 40–50 % of patients with melanoma; pembrolizumab and nivolumab, PD-L1 inhibitors, were approved in the second half of 2014, and were not yet available at the time this study was conducted [6, 7].