APOE and atherosclerosis: The pleiotropic effects of ApoE can well explain our results, since this protein is atheroprotective not only through its lipid-lowering effect but also through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.19 The beneficial results obtained through ApoE treatment of damaged VSMCs exposed to C2238/αANP highlight the potential key role of this molecule in the treatment of atherosclerosis in subjects with C2238/αANP variant, although several limitations still exist for its clinical application.