Phosphorylated hBVR then binds to the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and activates the downstream signaling of Akt, increasing the production of interleukin (IL)-10.25 Interestingly, IL-10 is known to reduce inflammation and increased levels of IL-10 in the peripheral blood are found during chronic viral diseases, including HBV, HCV and HIV infections.26 Thus, changes in BVR activity may be related to the differential outcomes observed during these infections. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is infection.