It spans 21 kb and is composed of 26 exons and 25 introns.8 The most common genetic variation is the I/D of a 287 bp Alu repetitive sequence in intron 16.9 There are 2 alleles (I and D) and 3 genotypes (II, DI, and DD).9 Previous studies indicated that the ACE DD genotype and/or D allele increased the risk of various renal diseases.10–12 However, there has always been a controversy pertaining to the association between ACE I/D polymorphism and the VUR susceptibility. This evidence concerns the gene ACE and kidney disorder.